Which is the first level of subject action on the Totality of the circumstances chart?

• A. Passive Resistance
• B. Inactive Resistance
• C. Active Aggression
• D. Active Resistance

Answer: (B)

The level of subject action on that chart begins with nonphysical resistance—the person isn’t actively fighting or using force, but they’re not complying either. This is called inactive resistance: they’re present but noncooperative, ignoring commands or cues without moving to physically oppose you. Because it’s the earliest sign of resistance, the response stays at the lowest level—focus on de‑escalation, clear instructions, and positioning to regain compliance without applying force.

As soon as the subject takes a physical step against you or starts resisting with motion, the level moves up to more active forms of resistance, which require progressively greater control tactics.